The discs between the vertebrae that make up our spine act like shock absorbers, functioning as a suspension system. However, any damage to these disc structures can cause the gel-like substance inside the disc to protrude outward. When this occurs in the neck area, it leads to cervical disc herniation.

Cervical disc herniation most commonly occurs between the C5-6 (cervical vertebrae 5 and 6) and then between the C6-7 (cervical vertebrae 6 and 7) levels. This is because these vertebrae are highly mobile and more vulnerable to trauma.

What Is Cervical Disc Herniation?

Cervical disc herniation is a condition that arises due to trauma, strain, accidents, or aging-related dehydration of the disc, which reduces its cushioning function. Continued damage to the disc may eventually lead to a rupture, causing the gelatinous material inside to leak out. When this substance spills into the spinal canal, it puts pressure on the spinal nerves, resulting in a range of symptoms.

Causes of Cervical Disc Herniation

Cervical disc herniation generally occurs in young individuals between the ages of 20 and 40. Lifting heavy loads, making sudden or awkward neck movements, frequently using pushing motions involving the neck, and tearing of the connective disc tissue increase the risk. Other causes include:

• Head trauma from various accidents
• Lifting weight in an unbalanced way
• Dehydration of the disc due to aging
• Improper or excessive exercise
• Sudden and incorrect movements
• Certain professions (drivers, bankers, teachers, and those who sit for long periods or work at computers, as well as domestic workers)
• Weak neck muscles
• Incorrect neck movements and postures
• Poor posture, psychological stress, fatigue
• Domestic chores such as sewing, hanging curtains, window cleaning, and general cleaning

Other contributing factors include staring at one point for extended periods, a sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise, posture problems, prolonged desk work, exposure to cold air conditioners or wind, etc.

What Are the Symptoms of Cervical Disc Herniation?

The most important and initial symptom is pain. Severe pain in the neck area may indicate a cervical disc herniation. However, the majority of neck pain is due to muscle-related issues.

The pain is not limited to the neck — it can extend to the head, arms, and even legs. It may also be accompanied by numbness and weakness in the arms. Dizziness, imbalance, neck stiffness, and difficulty walking are also significant symptoms. In general:

• Pain in the neck, back, arms, and shoulders — usually on one side and radiating to the arm
• Numbness and sensory loss in the arms
• Tingling and weakness in the arms
• Pain radiating from the neck to the back and arms
• Thinning in the arms, reduced reflexes
• In advanced cases, loss of hand skills, sensory loss, electric shock-like sensations, weakened reflexes, and muscle weakness in the hands and arms

What Should Be Considered in Cervical Disc Herniation?

The neck has a very delicate anatomical structure. Therefore:

• Maintain correct sitting posture
• Avoid carrying loads that strain the neck
• Engage in exercises that strengthen neck muscles
• Use a properly elevated and high-quality pillow while sleeping or resting

How Is Cervical Disc Herniation Treated?

First, patients should be taught correct posture and sitting techniques and avoid heavy lifting. Most patients recover without any treatment.

As most patients respond to conservative (non-surgical) treatment, this should be the first step. In the acute phase:

• Rest: Applicable for the first one or two days after the onset of pain
• Medications: Anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, and painkillers can be used. In persistent pain cases, epidural steroid injections, spinal injections, or nerve blocks may be required
• Neck Collar: If recommended by the doctor, a soft collar can be used for the first few days to help prevent the condition from worsening. Additionally, using an orthopedic cervical pillow may help reduce pain
• Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation: Should start immediately after a day or two of rest. Exercises aimed at strengthening the neck muscles are recommended. These may include pushing, pulling, or stretching exercises. Traction performed under the supervision of a physical therapist can help reduce muscle spasms. Additional treatments may include hot/cold therapy and manual massage. Most patients improve without surgery.